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ARSITEKTUR PERTAMA DALAM SEJARAH ISLAM
Arsitektur suci Islam yang paling awal adalah Baitullah (Ka’bah), dengan titik poros langit yang menembus bumi.
Monumen primordial yang dibangun oleh Nabi Adam As dan kemudian dibangun kembali oleh Nabi Ibrahim As, ini merupakan refleksi duniawi dari monumen surgawi yang juga terpantul dalam hati manusia.
Keselarasan dimensi Ka’bah, keseimbangan dan simetrisnya, sekaligus merupakan pusat dari kosmos Islam, yang dapat ditemukan dalam arsitektur suci di seluruh dunia Islam.
Geometri, bentuk dan ukuran Ka’bah semuanya memainkan peranan penting dalam kemunculan arsitektur Islam. Menurut beberapa riwayat, pada waktu Nabi Ibrahim As membina Ka’bah, bahan untuk pembikinan Ka’bah itu diambil dari enam buah gunung (bukit).
Pertama bukit Qubaisy, bukit Thursina di Syam, bukit Qudus di Syam pula, bukit Warqon yang terletak antara Mekah dan Madinah, bukit Radhwi, sebuah bukit yang terletak antara Madinah dan Yanbu dekat Wadi Yanbu, dan yang terakhir adalah bukit Uhud yang terletak di Madinah.
Dalam pengangkutan batu-batu dari bukit-bukit tersebut Allah SWT telah memerintahkan kepada para Malaikat Jabbal dan para Malaikat Hafadzhah untuk membantu Nabi Ibrahim.
Ka’bah yang dibangun oleh Nabi Ibrahim As memiliki dua sudut yang diberi nama Rukun, yaitu ; Rukun yamani dan Rukun Hajar Aswad (batu hitam).
Arah Ka’bah bertolak belakang dengan kedua rukun tersebut, yang berbentuk bulat (bundar) seperti bentuk Hijr Ismail, yang panjangnya 6 hasta. Pada masa kaum Quraisy, Hijr Ismail bergeser letaknya di luar Ka’bah karena dikurangi 6 hasta.
Oleh karena itu, perbaikan yang dilakukan kaum Quraisy itu tidak sesuai dengan ukuran yang ditentukan oleh Nabi Ibrahim As. Selain itu, Ka’bah pada masa pembinaan Nabi Ibrahim As tidak memiliki atap (tidak beratap) seperti yang terdapat pada Ka’bah sekarang ini. Justru di masa itu, Ka’bah memiliki dua pintu yang menghadap ke Timur dan Barat.
Pintu arah Timur melambangkan hakikat realitas penerbangan dan pendakian dalam melawan seluruh hal yang merendahkan derajat serta menurunkan dunia ini. Hal itu mengantarkan manusia pada kebebasan dari kungkungan duniawi yang serba terbatas.
Juga, bermakna sebagai simbol cahaya yang memancar secara serempak di antara langit dan bumi yang mengungkapkan hubungan-hubungan kosmik tertentu.
Sementara, pintu arah Barat melambangkan hukum Ilahi, yang berisi perintah-perintah bagi kaum muslim tentang “bagaimana berbuat bukan bagaimana membuat sesuatu.”
Ini bermakna pula sebagai upaya membantu setiap Muslim menembus ke dalam dan ditembusi oleh kehadiran Ilahi yang sesuai dengan kapasitas spiritual setiap orang.
Ketika seseorang memasuki Ka’bah, maka keheningan ruang Ka’bah akan mengingatkannya kepada yang gaib, seperti halnya seseorang yang harus bertelanjang kaki jika ingin mengenal tanah.
Ghostly Voices From Thomas Edison’s Dolls Can Now Be Heard
Though Robin and Joan Rolfs owned two rare talking dolls manufactured by Thomas Edison’s phonograph company in 1890, they did not dare play the wax cylinder records tucked inside each one.
The Rolfses, longtime collectors of Edison phonographs, knew that if they turned the cranks on the dolls’ backs, the steel phonograph needle might damage or destroy the grooves of the hollow, ring-shaped cylinder. And so for years, the dolls sat side by side inside a display cabinet, bearers of a message from the dawn of sound recording that nobody could hear.
In 1890, Edison’s dolls were a flop; production lasted only six weeks. Children found them difficult to operate and more scary than cuddly. The recordings inside, which featured snippets of nursery rhymes, wore out quickly.
Yet sound historians say the cylinders were the first entertainment records ever made, and the young girls hired to recite the rhymes were the world’s first recording artists.
Year after year, the Rolfses asked experts if there might be a safe way to play the recordings. Then a government laboratory developed a method to play fragile records without touching them.
The technique relies on a microscope to create images of the grooves in exquisite detail. A computer approximates — with great accuracy — the sounds that would have been created by a needle moving through those grooves.
In 2014, the technology was made available for the first time outside the laboratory.
“The fear all along is that we don’t want to damage these records. We don’t want to put a stylus on them,” said Jerry Fabris, the curator of the Thomas Edison Historical Park in West Orange, N.J. “Now we have the technology to play them safely.”
Last month, the Historical Park posted online three never-before-heard Edison doll recordings, including the two from the Rolfses’ collection. “There are probably more out there, and we’re hoping people will now get them digitized,” Mr. Fabris said.
The technology, which is known as Irene (Image, Reconstruct, Erase Noise, Etc.), was developed by the particle physicist Carl Haber and the engineer Earl Cornell at Lawrence Berkeley. Irene extracts sound from cylinder and disk records. It can also reconstruct audio from recordings so badly damaged they were deemed unplayable.
“We are now hearing sounds from history that I did not expect to hear in my lifetime,” Mr. Fabris said.
The Rolfses said they were not sure what to expect in August when they carefully packed their two Edison doll cylinders, still attached to their motors, and drove from their home in Hortonville, Wis., to the National Document Conservation Center in Andover, Mass. The center had recently acquired Irene technology.
Cylinders carry sound in a spiral groove cut by a phonograph recording needle that vibrates up and down, creating a surface made of tiny hills and valleys. In the Irene set-up, a microscope perched above the shaft takes thousands of high-resolution images of small sections of the grooves.
Stitched together, the images provide a topographic map of the cylinder’s surface, charting changes in depth as small as one five-hundredth the thickness of a human hair. Pitch, volume and timbre are all encoded in the hills and valleys and the speed at which the record is played.
At the conservation center, the preservation specialist Mason Vander Lugt attached one of the cylinders to the end of a rotating shaft. Huddled around a computer screen, the Rolfses first saw the wiggly waveform generated by Irene. Then came the digital audio. The words were at first indistinct, but as Mr. Lugt filtered out more of the noise, the rhyme became clearer.
“That was the Eureka moment,” Mr. Rolfs said.
In 1890, a girl in Edison’s laboratory had recited:
There was a little girl,
And she had a little curl
Right in the middle of her forehead.
When she was good,
She was very, very good.
But when she was bad, she was horrid.
Recently, the conservation center turned up another surprise.
In 2010, the Woody Guthrie Foundation received 18 oversize phonograph disks from an anonymous donor. No one knew if any of the dirt-stained recordings featured Guthrie, but Tiffany Colannino, then the foundation’s archivist, had stored them unplayed until she heard about Irene.
Last fall, the center extracted audio from one of the records, labeled “Jam Session 9” and emailed the digital file to Ms. Colannino.
“I was just sitting in my dining room, and the next thing I know, I’m hearing Woody,” she said. In between solo performances of “Ladies Auxiliary,” “Jesus Christ,” and “Dead or Alive,” Guthrie tells jokes, offers some back story, and makes the audience laugh. “It is quintessential Guthrie,” Ms. Colannino said.
The Rolfses’ dolls are back in the display cabinet in Wisconsin. But with audio stored on several computers, they now have a permanent voice.