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ITINERARY PERJALANAN UMROH REGULER 10HARI JUMATAIN

 

            Pada awal kehidaupan manusia, sampah belum menjadi masalah, tetapi dangan bertambahnya penduduk di mana ruang tetap, semakin hari maslahnya semakin besar. Hal ini jelas bila kita melihat moderenissasi kehidupan, perkembangan teknologi, sehingga meningkatkan aktivitas manusia. Sehubungan dengaan kegiatan manusia, maka permasalahan sampah akan berkaitan baik dari segi social ekonomi maupun budaya.
            Kesehatan seorang maupun masyarakat merupakan masalah social yang selalu berkaitan antara komponen-komponen yang ada dalam masyarakat. Sampah bila dapat diamankan tidak menjadi potensi yang berpengaruh terhadap lingkungan. Namun demikian sebagaimana telah diutarakan di atas, bahwa sampah yang dikelola tidak berada pada tempat yang menjamin keamanan lingkungan, sehingga mempunyai dampak terhadap kesehatan lingkungan. Sampah yang tidak dikelola dengan baik ini akan menjadi bermacam-macam fungsinya, Antara lain :
1.      Sebagai sarana penularana penyakit. Hal ini timbbul karena sampah basah (garbage) dapat menjadi tempat bersarangnya  dan berkembangbiaknya dari bermacam-macam Vektor penularan penyakit. Vektor yang dimaksud adalah: lalat, Kecoak, nyamuk, dan tikus.
·         Kebiasaan lalat: Lalat biasa hidup di tempat-tempat yang kotor dan tertarik akan bau yang busuk. Benda-benda yang ber bau busuk juga merupakan makanan lalat. Sampah, terutama sampah basah, cepat berbau busuk, sehingga merupakan tempat berkembangbiak dan tempat makanan lalat.
·         Kebiasaan kecoak: Kecoak senang tinggal di tempat-tempat yang lembab, berbau, dan keadaan gelap. Tumpukan sampah yang lembab, berbau, dan terdapat banyak celah-celah yang gelap merupakan tempat berkembang biaknya kecoak. Lalat  dan kecoak merupakan vector penularan penyakit saluran pencernaan (perut) seperti: diseentri, basiller, disentri amoeba, cholera, typhus abdominalis, diare karena bakteri, dsb.
·         Kebiasaan nyamuk: Nyamuk khususnya nyamuk aedes dan culex suka bersarang pada genangan air. Sampah dari barang- barang seperti kaleng, kantong plastic, pecahan gelas/botol menjadi tempat genagan air jika hujan turun, tempat ini sangat disenangi nyamuk aedes sebagai tempat ber kembangnya. Nyamuk merupakan vector penularan penyakit demam berdarah, kaki gajah, dan malaria.
·         Kebiasaan tikus: Tikus umumnya suka bersarang pada tempat yang banyak makanan, tempat-tempat yag lembab, dan celah-celaj yang gelap sebagai tempat persembunyiannya. Sampah basah masih banyak mengandung sisa makanan, agak lembab, dan terdapat celah-celah untuk bersembunyi edari ancama musuh tikus. Oleh karenanya tikus suka bersarang di tempat pembuangan sampah. Tikus merupakan vector penularan pes.
2.      Di samping penularan penyakit infeksi saluran pencernaan, di dalam tumpukan sampah basah kadang-kadang mengandung telur cacing. Apabila sampah basah ini diberikan untuk pakan ternak seperti babi tanpa dimasak terlebih dahulu, maka babi tersebut dapat terjangkit penyakit cacingan misalnya Trichinosis, penyababnya adalah cacing Trichinella spiralis. Jika daging babi tersebut tidak sempurna memasaknya kemudian dikonsumsi oleh manusia, maka manusia pun dapat terjangkit penyakit cacing Trichinella.
3.      Dari sampah juga juga dapat menjadi penyabab penyakit lain seperti penyakit kulit dan jamur.
4.      Kemudian selain itu, dampak dari pembuangan sampah yang tidak memenuhi syarat keamanan lingkungan dan kesehatan, misalnya membuang sampah secara sembarangan akan mengakibatkan pencemaran lingkungan meliputi pencemaran tanah, air, dan udara. Sampah-sampah yang dibuang sebagian besar merupakan sampah organic. Bahan-bahan organic ini mengalami pembusukan secara biologis oleh jasad-jasad renik/mikroba yang bersifat aerobic. Selain itu juga terjadi proses pembusukan sampah organic berlangsung secara anaerobic yang berlangsung lama dan akhirnya akan dapat menghasilkan humus yang sangat berguna untuk penyuburran tanah dan perbaikan kondisi tanah. Namun dampak negatifnya lebih banyak, di mana:
·         Sampah-sampah plastic, pecahan kaca, karet, dan bahan-bahan yang sukar membusuk akan mencemari tanah sehingga dalam waktu lama tidak dapat ditanami lagi (lahan kritis).
·         Hasil proses pembusukan sampah oleh jasad renik menghasilkan gas-gas seperti: CO2, H2S, CH4, dan NH3, maka udara tercemar oleh gas-gas tersebut dan menimbulkan bau yang tidak sedap. Disamping itu, jika ada sampah yang terbakar maka asap-asap yang mengepul ke udara mencemari udara kaena adanya gas CO2 danCO.
·         Air rembesan hasil dari proses pembusukan saampah akan mengalami perporasi yang mengandung bahan terlarut yang dapat berbahaya untuk kesehatan, dapat mencemari air tanah, serta badab-badan air yang berada dekat dengan tempat pembuangan akhir sampah apabila tidak dilakukan pengawasan yang baik.
      5. Hasil pembusukan sampah dapt juga menggangu keseimbangan ekosistem, terjadinya              &nb sp;              penyuburan pada badan-badan air karena menerima nutrien-nutrien hasil pembusukan sampah memungkinkan terjadinya ledakan populasi tumbuhan air seperti eceng gondok dan akan mengganggu biota lain.
 
 
source : http://hizbussalam.blogspot.com
HUBUNGAN SAMPAH DAN KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT

Hockey is not exactly known as a city game, but played on roller skates, it once held sway as the sport of choice in many New York neighborhoods.

“City kids had no rinks, no ice, but they would do anything to play hockey,” said Edward Moffett, former director of the Long Island City Y.M.C.A. Roller Hockey League, in Queens, whose games were played in city playgrounds going back to the 1940s.

From the 1960s through the 1980s, the league had more than 60 teams, he said. Players included the Mullen brothers of Hell’s Kitchen and Dan Dorion of Astoria, Queens, who would later play on ice for the National Hockey League.

One street legend from the heyday of New York roller hockey was Craig Allen, who lived in the Woodside Houses projects and became one of the city’s hardest hitters and top scorers.

“Craig was a warrior, one of the best roller hockey players in the city in the ’70s,” said Dave Garmendia, 60, a retired New York police officer who grew up playing with Mr. Allen. “His teammates loved him and his opponents feared him.”

Young Craig took up hockey on the streets of Queens in the 1960s, playing pickup games between sewer covers, wearing steel-wheeled skates clamped onto school shoes and using a roll of electrical tape as the puck.

His skill and ferocity drew attention, Mr. Garmendia said, but so did his skin color. He was black, in a sport made up almost entirely by white players.

“Roller hockey was a white kid’s game, plain and simple, but Craig broke the color barrier,” Mr. Garmendia said. “We used to say Craig did more for race relations than the N.A.A.C.P.”

Mr. Allen went on to coach and referee roller hockey in New York before moving several years ago to South Carolina. But he continued to organize an annual alumni game at Dutch Kills Playground in Long Island City, the same site that held the local championship games.

The reunion this year was on Saturday, but Mr. Allen never made it. On April 26, just before boarding the bus to New York, he died of an asthma attack at age 61.

Word of his death spread rapidly among hundreds of his old hockey colleagues who resolved to continue with the event, now renamed the Craig Allen Memorial Roller Hockey Reunion.

The turnout on Saturday was the largest ever, with players pulling on their old equipment, choosing sides and taking once again to the rink of cracked blacktop with faded lines and circles. They wore no helmets, although one player wore a fedora.

Another, Vinnie Juliano, 77, of Long Island City, wore his hearing aids, along with his 50-year-old taped-up quads, or four-wheeled skates with a leather boot. Many players here never converted to in-line skates, and neither did Mr. Allen, whose photograph appeared on a poster hanging behind the players’ bench.

“I’m seeing people walking by wondering why all these rusty, grizzly old guys are here playing hockey,” one player, Tommy Dominguez, said. “We’re here for Craig, and let me tell you, these old guys still play hard.”

Everyone seemed to have a Craig Allen story, from his earliest teams at Public School 151 to the Bryant Rangers, the Woodside Wings, the Woodside Blues and more.

Mr. Allen, who became a yellow-cab driver, was always recruiting new talent. He gained the nickname Cabby for his habit of stopping at playgrounds all over the city to scout players.

Teams were organized around neighborhoods and churches, and often sponsored by local bars. Mr. Allen, for one, played for bars, including Garry Owen’s and on the Fiddler’s Green Jokers team in Inwood, Manhattan.

Play was tough and fights were frequent.

“We were basically street gangs on skates,” said Steve Rogg, 56, a mail clerk who grew up in Jackson Heights, Queens, and who on Saturday wore his Riedell Classic quads from 1972. “If another team caught up with you the night before a game, they tossed you a beating so you couldn’t play the next day.”

Mr. Garmendia said Mr. Allen’s skin color provoked many fights.

“When we’d go to some ignorant neighborhoods, a lot of players would use slurs,” Mr. Garmendia said, recalling a game in Ozone Park, Queens, where local fans parked motorcycles in a lineup next to the blacktop and taunted Mr. Allen. Mr. Garmendia said he checked a player into the motorcycles, “and the bikes went down like dominoes, which started a serious brawl.”

A group of fans at a game in Brooklyn once stuck a pole through the rink fence as Mr. Allen skated by and broke his jaw, Mr. Garmendia said, adding that carloads of reinforcements soon arrived to defend Mr. Allen.

And at another racially incited brawl, the police responded with six patrol cars and a helicopter.

Before play began on Saturday, the players gathered at center rink to honor Mr. Allen. Billy Barnwell, 59, of Woodside, recalled once how an all-white, all-star squad snubbed Mr. Allen by playing him third string. He scored seven goals in the first game and made first string immediately.

“He’d always hear racial stuff before the game, and I’d ask him, ‘How do you put up with that?’” Mr. Barnwell recalled. “Craig would say, ‘We’ll take care of it,’ and by the end of the game, he’d win guys over. They’d say, ‘This guy’s good.’”

Tribute for a Roller Hockey Warrior

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